The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary 9th October 2024

The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary 9th October 2024 is an effective tool for regularly learning new words and their contextual meanings. Candidates can utilize this free resource daily to improve their vocabulary knowledge, especially those preparing for government exams like the IBPS PO, SBI Clerk, SSC, and Others.

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Deep roots: On the 2024 Physics Nobel Prize

Physics Nobel Prize acknowledges the diverse foundations of AI

For an idea whose time has come, look no further than artificial neural networks (ANNs) and machine learning, the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics seems to suggest. John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton have been honoured “for foundational (basic and important) discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks”. The foundations of ANNs are rooted in various branches of science, including statistical (related to statistics) physics, neurobiology, and cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence (AI) has become a household term today by drawing on such disparate (different and unconnected) insights. ANNs are networks of neurons (or processing centres) designed to operate like those in animal brains. In 1982, Hopfield, a towering figure in biological (related to biology) physics, introduced an ANN called the Hopfield network. Each neuron in this network is connected to all the others, and the flow and weight of information are not preferential (favoring one side) to one direction. The neurons can process some input using Hebbian learning (“neurons that fire together, wire together”). The network as a whole was programmed to be analogous (similar or comparable) to a group of atoms, each with some magnetic energy. When ‘activated’, the ANN could receive, for instance, a noisy image and dynamically denoise it by minimising the analogous magnetic energy of the system. Similarly, the Boltzmann machine was an earlier model for a spin glass — a material in which roughly half of atom pairs have their quantum spins aligned while the other half have them anti-aligned (in opposite directions). This disorder causes the material to be frustrated (unable to achieve a stable state) and minimise its energy through more configurations than if the disorder was absent. Alongside Terrence Sejnowski, Hinton popularised the use of Boltzmann machines for cognitive (related to mental processes) tasks, building on Hopfield’s work to enable them to classify data based on similarity or generate new patterns from old ones, again by having the ANN minimise the value of an energy function.

The ubiquity (the fact of being everywhere) of AI owes much to the robust theoretical foundations laid by this year’s physics laureates and many others, drawing on mathematical, physical, and biological insights that few could have imagined would pave the way for AI. Herein lies a sting in the tail for India. Due to decades of low funding, inefficient governance, and inadequate attempts to reconcile (bring together) the needs of science with bureaucratic processes, blue-sky research has often been a casualty of sudden and often transient (temporary) bouts of consolidation and reform. Resource constraints may require researchers to conduct research as well as teach, guide, and administer. But as this year’s physics Nobel demonstrates, dismissing blue-sky research altogether is also to forfeit opportunities in technology that Indians may not even be aware of.

Hindu Vocab Wordlist 9th October 2024

Upskill yourself and enhance your vocabulary knowledge. Candidates should begin learning new words daily with Hindu Editorial Vocabulary on 9th October 2024.

1. Foundational: relating to the basic part of something, on which other things depend.
2. Statistical: relating to statistics, which is the study of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and organizing data.
3. Disparate: different in every way; not allowing comparison.
4. Preferential: giving an advantage to one over others.
5. Analogous: similar in some way, which makes it possible to compare them.
6. Anti-aligned: not in line with; opposing alignment.
7. Frustrated: feeling or expressing distress and annoyance, especially because of inability to change or achieve something.
8. Cognitive: connected with mental processes of understanding, learning, and thinking.
9. Ubiquity: the fact that something or someone seems to be everywhere.
10. Transient: lasting only for a short time; temporary.
11. Robust: strong and healthy; not likely to fail or become weak.
12. Consolidation: the process of making something stronger or more solid; the act of combining several things into a single, more effective whole.

Hindu Vocab Master 9th October 2024 with Synonyms & Antonyms

Here are the synonyms and antonyms of all the difficult words in Hindu Vocab Master for 9th October 2024.

Word	Synonyms	Antonyms
Foundational	Basic, Essential, Fundamental, Underlying	Secondary, Nonessential, Peripheral, Unimportant
Statistical	Numerical, Analytical, Quantitative, Mathematical	Non-numerical, Estimative, Inexact, Hypothetical
Disparate	Dissimilar, Diverse, Contrasting, Unrelated	Similar, Alike, Uniform, Identical
Preferential	Favored, Privileged, Advantageous, Special	Impartial, Fair, Disadvantaged, Unfavorable
Analogous	Comparable, Similar, Equivalent, Parallel	Different, Dissimilar, Contrasting, Unrelated
Anti-aligned	Opposed, Inverse, Contrary, Reversed	Aligned, Parallel, Coordinated, Harmonized
Frustrated	Blocked, Hindered, Impeded, Stymied	Encouraged, Assisted, Facilitated, Fulfilled
Cognitive	Intellectual, Mental, Rational, Perceptual	Physical, Unaware, Noncognitive, Ignorant
Ubiquity	Omnipresence, Prevalence, Pervasiveness, Universality	Scarcity, Rarity, Absence, Infrequency
Transient	Temporary, Fleeting, Short-lived, Momentary	Permanent, Lasting, Enduring, Eternal
Robust	Strong, Sturdy, Vigorous, Resilient	Weak, Fragile, Infirm, Delicate
Consolidation	Merging, Amalgamation, Unification, Combination	Fragmentation, Division, Separation, Dissolution