The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary 8th October 2024

The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary 8th October 2024 is an effective tool for regularly learning new words and their contextual meanings. Candidates can utilize this free resource daily to improve their vocabulary knowledge, especially those preparing for government exams like the IBPS PO, SBI Clerk, SSC, and Others.

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Regulation role: On the 2024 Medicine Nobel

The discovery of microRNA changed the understanding of gene regulation (the process of controlling gene activity).
This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology, or Medicine, awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun, is for their discovery of microRNA (small RNA molecules that control gene expression), small RNA regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes, and its role in gene regulation after transcription (copying DNA into RNA) — the process of making an RNA copy (messenger RNA or mRNA) of a gene’s DNA sequence — and before cellular machinery is activated for protein production. Before the discovery of microRNAs and their role in gene regulation, it was believed that gene regulation was limited to specialised proteins called transcription factors (proteins that control the conversion of DNA to RNA), which bind to specific regions in DNA and determine which mRNAs are produced. In 1993, using 1 mm long mutant roundworms called C. elegans, the winners of this year’s Nobel provided proof that gene regulation is not confined to transcription factors. Instead, regulation by microRNAs occurs at a later stage in the process of gene expression, post-transcription (after RNA is created). Despite these seminal (highly original and influential) findings, it was initially thought that this unusual mechanism of gene regulation was peculiar (unique or odd) to C. elegans and not relevant to more complex organisms, including humans. However, the discovery of another microRNA encoded in a gene present in all organisms indicated that microRNA’s role in gene regulation extends beyond roundworms. By 2001, microRNAs were found to be abundant in invertebrates (animals without backbones) and vertebrates (animals with backbones), with some highly conserved (unchanged through evolution) across species, suggesting that “microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation is a general regulatory function”. As per current knowledge, the human genome codes for over 1,000 microRNAs.

Cancer, diabetes and autoimmune diseases are associated with dysregulated (abnormally controlled) microRNA expression. In the case of cancer, dysregulation may include amplification or deletion of microRNA genes, abnormal transcriptional control of microRNAs, and defects in the microRNA biogenesis (creation of microRNA) machinery. Studies have shown that dysregulated microRNAs affect the biological capabilities that cancer cells acquire during tumour development, including sustaining proliferative (rapid growth) signalling, resisting cell death, and activating processes that allow cancer cells to spread in the body. Preliminary studies have also indicated that certain microRNAs can serve as potential biomarkers (biological indicators) for human cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets. It is now known that beyond perturbing (disturbing) immune responses, disruption and dysfunction of microRNAs can initiate the production of autoantibodies (antibodies that attack one’s own body) and contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Several microRNA-associated diagnostic biomarkers have already been developed and used clinically, though they have yet to be commercialised. Likewise, candidate drugs targeting microRNAs are currently being tested in clinical trials.

Hindu Vocab Wordlist 8th October 2024

Upskill yourself and enhance your vocabulary knowledge. Candidates should begin learning new words daily with Hindu Editorial Vocabulary on 8th October 2024.

1. Regulation: the control of an activity or process.
2. Transcription: the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence.
3. Seminal: containing important new ideas that influence later developments.
4. Peculiar: unusual and strange.
5. Invertebrates: animals without a backbone.
6. Vertebrates: animals with a backbone.
7. Conserved: kept the same over time.
8. Dysregulated: controlled in an abnormal way.
9. Proliferative: growing or reproducing rapidly.
10. Perturbing: making someone feel worried or upset.

Hindu Vocab Master 8th October 2024 with Synonyms & Antonyms

Here are the synonyms and antonyms of all the difficult words in Hindu Vocab Master for 8th October 2024.

Word	Synonyms	Antonyms
Regulation	Control, Management, Supervision, Governance	Disorder, Mismanagement, Chaos, Deregulation
Transcription	Copying, Replication, Reproduction, Rendering	Original, Deletion, Destruction, Neglect
Seminal	Influential, Groundbreaking, Pioneering, Foundational	Unimportant, Insignificant, Trivial, Minor
Peculiar	Unusual, Strange, Odd, Eccentric	Common, Normal, Usual, Conventional
Invertebrates	Mollusks, Arthropods, Annelids, Cnidarians	Vertebrates, Mammals, Birds, Fish
Vertebrates	Mammals, Birds, Fish, Amphibians	Invertebrates, Mollusks, Arthropods, Cnidarians
Conserved	Preserved, Maintained, Guarded, Sustained	Changed, Altered, Modified, Transformed
Dysregulated	Disordered, Maladjusted, Unbalanced, Erratic	Regulated, Balanced, Controlled, Organized
Proliferative	Expansive, Reproductive, Multiplying, Generative	Diminishing, Reducing, Shrinking, Contracting
Perturbing	Disturbing, Upsetting, Troubling, Agitating	Comforting, Calming, Assuring, Settling